An important note: This article is about United States copyright law only. Copyright law varies from country to country. We’re not lawyers and this article is not legal advice; this article is a lay person’s attempt at synthesizing information from various official sources online. If you have a specific question or concern, you should contact an intellectual property attorney.

Over the many years that I’ve been running Scribophile, I’ve seen a lot of speculation, musing, myth, information, and misinformation about copyright. While copyright is a surprisingly complex issue, the simple reality for most writers composing entirely original work is that copyright is one of the very last things they should be concerned about—lower than whether to keep or remove that comma, whether to use Word or Scrivener, even whether or not you should have another coffee before finishing the paragraph. For those of us who are thinking of using an excerpt of something like another written work or a song, it’s also a simple matter.

The executive summary for busy writers

If you’re in a hurry you can read these lines, close your browser, and get on with your life:

You should not concern yourself with how your own writing is protected by copyright.

If you’re using an excerpt from a work created by someone else in your own writing—even just a sentence—and you’re not writing commentary, criticism, a news report, a scholarly report, or a parody, and the work is not in the public domain, then you must get permission from the author or rightsholder first.

Maybe that’s not what you were expecting to hear, but it’s that simple. Read on for why.

When you complete an intellectual work, you’re granted copyright for it automatically.

Plagiarism, the fear of the newbie writer

The mark of a greenhorn writer is their uncontrollable fear that their writing is going to be plagiarized. They stay up at night fretting that they didn’t write the right magic incantation in their copyright protection notice to protect their work from evil plagiarizers. They worry that someone is going to lift their life’s work wholesale, sell it to an eager publisher, and make a million bucks while the writer dies starving in a gutter. They include a large and ominous copyright notice on every manuscript they send to a publisher—who, in turn, chuckles to herself before tossing it into the slush pile. Fantasies of Law & Order-style courtroom copyright depositions dance in their heads, and they’re so paralyzed by their fear that their writing never sees the light of day.

Don’t be that writer! It’s embarrassing for everyone.

Plagiarism exists, but the reality is that it happens with such extraordinary rarity that you’re better off worrying about whether you’ll be struck by lightning tomorrow. Look at it from a purely practical perspective: Getting published is so hard and so financially unrewarding for the effort involved that there’s almost no incentive for someone to steal your writing and try to get it published themselves. Why would someone go through the effort? The reward just isn’t there.

Maybe you’re worried that by sending your manuscript to a publisher, they’ll love it so much that they’ll put someone else’s name on it so that they don’t have to pay you. Well, the publishing industry is pretty small and doing that would immediately get the publisher blackballed. Any publisher who isn’t blackballed would be so small that they probably aren’t making a dime anyway. Plus, publishers know that a successful manuscript means successful sequels—and they can’t get that if they screw the writer from the beginning.

Plagiarism is a worry that doesn’t exist in the mind of the professional writer, and if it’s something that’s keeping you awake at night, you can rest easy.

But copyright still exists. It protects your work from being copied or excerpted without your permission. And the best part is, it’s automatic and free!

Since 1989, the author of a work is automatically granted a copyright to that work. The act of finishing a work that’s fixed in a tangible medium—ie. on paper or in a digital file—automatically grants you a copyright. You don’t have to include a notice, you don’t have to send paperwork to some government office, you don’t even have to be published by a major publisher.

Pretty great, right?

Well, it’s not quite that easy. If you ever want to bring a lawsuit and think you’ll need federal copyright protection, it turns out that you’re required to have registered your work with the US copyright office first. This is a separate concept than simply being granted a copyright (which your work is given automatically by virtue of merely existing). Registering your work alerts the federal court that you claim authorship of a certain work on a certain date.

Furthermore, if filing a lawsuit is something you can imagine yourself doing (we’ll talk about that later), then it’s recommended that you include a copyright notice in your work. This prevents the infringer from claiming in court that they didn’t know the work was copyrighted.

The ultimate question is: Should you secure copyright registration with the copyright office? The practical answer is: Only if you have the resources, the time, and the willingness to file and pursue a copyright lawsuit. If you can’t picture yourself in a courtroom, then registering your copyright (and even including a copyright notice!) has no practical advantage for you. Your work is automatically protected no matter what you do, and if you’re not going to be suing anyone, that’s as much protection as most writers need.

The “poor man’s copyright” may have worked in centuries gone by, but it won’t help you in court today.

Long ago, a myth started floating around about something called “a Poor Man’s Copyright”. The idea was that registering a your intellectual property with the right government office was expensive and time consuming. A faster, cheaper way—the poor man’s way—was to seal a copy of your work in an envelope and then mail it to yourself. Should you find yourself in the position of having to defend your original authorship, you could produce the sealed envelope, complete with the date on the official postage stamp, as proof that you created the work when you claim you did.

I can picture it now: A writer stands behind the table in a courtroom. The infringer sits in the witness stand, a sheen of sweat on his brow, scratching nervously at his ill-fitting shirt. A be-wigged judge glowers over the proceedings. Now is the time for the coup de grâce! The writer opens her briefcase and lifts out a worn, yellowed envelope. With slow and deliberate relish, the writer draws a fingernail under the moldering seal, puffs the envelope open with a quivering breath, and withdraws a copy, perfectly reproduced, of the work that the infringer duplicated! The court gasps, the judge bangs his gavel frantically, and the infringer faints in his chair—the poor man’s copyright has assured the writer’s victory!

Did that little drama make you giggle a little? Because giggling is what the judge will do if you produce a poor man’s copyright in an actual court of law. Even Judge Judy would laugh you out of the courtroom. If you’re serious about bringing a copyright case to court, correct registration with the copyright office is your only option. In fact, a correctly registered copyright is a required prerequisite to even filing a lawsuit. A poor man’s copyright is no substitute for registration.

So you’re automatically granted a copyright when you finish a work in a tangible form. But the practical reality of enforcing that copyright depends on your resources as an independent writer and the complexities and vagaries of the US legal system. What you’re about to read might disappoint you a little, because it turns out that cash-strapped independent writers have little practical recourse.

Let’s say that you’ve written a book, included a copyright notice, self-published on Amazon, and now you see someone has included an excerpt in their own work without asking. You’re hopping mad! What are your options?

  1. Contact the infringer and ask them nicely to remove your excerpt or somehow compensate you for its use.

  2. Contact the service hosting the infringing work and ask them to take it down, possibly with a DMCA takedown request.

  3. SUE! SUE! SUE!

Option 1 is probably where you’ll start. If it works, great! Problem solved. But success is not guaranteed. You might be ignored, or the infringer might just not want to deal with you. You’ve emailed them eight times and they just haven’t replied.

Option 2 is where you’ll go next. If you can’t reason with the infringer, maybe you can reason with their distributor. You can try sending a DMCA takedown request to the distributor, and they may be obligated to take the work down. But in response, the infringer may claim they’re within their rights, and the distributor may then reinstate the work. It’s a low-risk, low-cost process, if the distributor does their job to the letter and the infringer is willing to slink quietly away; but if it works, you won’t recoup any of your costs or get any damages.

Before trying to sue for actual damages, see if you can come to a peaceable resolution.

Your only other option is to bring a lawsuit. Make intellectual property law work for you and force the infringer to compensate you. But did you register your copyright at the copyright office? Because if you didn’t, it’s game over! You cannot file a lawsuit if you haven’t registered.

Let’s pretend you did register, and you’re ready to see the evildoer for copyright infringement action in court. Well, lawsuits in America aren’t cheap and they aren’t fast. You’re looking at spending thousands of dollars—to start!—in attorney’s fees, filling out paperwork, and going through the courtroom motions. If you win you then have to enforce the verdict, which costs more time and money. On the anonymous internet a small-time infringer can just pack their bags and disappear, leaving you holding the bill for your legal fees. Is that worth it to you? Is that something you have the resources for?

The hard reality for the independent writer is that effectively enforcing your copyright with an iron fist is an expensive, time-consuming, and frustrating process. It’s so difficult to win against a determined infringer that it’s something you shouldn’t even be worrying about. Spend your time worrying about your plot and your characters, not navigating a treacherous and complex legal system to try to prevent a problem that doesn’t affect 99% of writers.

Let’s say your book was picked up and published by a big publishing houses like Random House. It sells well, and then one day you see an unauthorized excerpt appear in someone else’s book.

Good news! One of the many benefits of traditional publishing is having the full power of a corporate legal team at your back. They may even have their own in-house copyright attorney. Copyright becomes enforceable again! In this scenario, you don’t have to sweat it, because highly paid men and women in well-tailored suits carrying shiny briefcases are there to fight for your rights. Defending your copyright is no longer your concern, but your rich publisher’s concern. You can effectively put it out of your mind.

Does that seem unfair? If you ask me, it does. But that’s the world we live in.

Using copyrighted material in your own work

Writers sometimes agonize over this one. What if I just include a single sentence? What about song lyrics? What about poetry? Where do I draw the line?

It turns out this situation is pretty simple too. Unless you’re writing commentary, criticism, or a news report, you must get permission from the rightsholder to include anything, even just sentence, in your own work. It’s that easy. If you’re not sure, then get permission.

Some very old work is considered “public domain”. Public domain work is work whose copyright has expired, and thus can be used by anybody without permission. But deciding if a work is in the public domain is tricky. Thanks to lobbying efforts from corporations like Disney, most work produced in the US after 1927 will not enter the public domain in your lifetime.

Does that seem harsh? Those same harsh rules are what protect your own work, too.

If you want to borrow content from another hardworking writer, make sure you get their permission!

Using settings and characters from other work in your own

Copyright also protects more intangible things about a work, like characters. For example, you might be surprised to learn that something like writing a Star Wars fan fiction piece without the permission of George Lucas is illegal. That’s because a work using those characters would be called a “derivative work”—and derivative works are protected by the original author’s copyright. Fortunately for most fan fiction writers, rightsholders have better things to do than sue their fans for having a little fun (though Anne Rice was a notable exception).

The exception is, as mentioned before, criticism and parody—making fun of established characters or settings. But if you’re not sure if your work is a parody, don’t try to get away on a technicality. If you’re brought in to court, the court will decide whether or not your case is fair use based on what they think the facts are. Trying to win on a technicality probably won’t convince the judge.

Does that mean that you can’t even say the name “Darth Vader” in your own work? Well, that’s where it gets fuzzy. There’s no hard and fast rules as to what constitutes fair use or derivative works. Verdicts are decided on a case-by-case basis. It’ll depend on how you present your argument and the facts in court.

Putting it all together

The picture I’m painting might seem a little cynical, but it’s a very practical view of today’s legal realities in the US. You’re automatically granted copyright by virtue of completing a work, but enforcing that copyright is limited by the financial and practical realities of the US legal system. Authors signed with big publishers have the publisher’s legal team to advise them and thus needn’t concern themselves. Putting all of this together, copyright for your own work is something that should not overly concern you regardless of your experience as a writer.

To summarize:

  • Registering your copyright is not required if you can’t picture yourself filing a lawsuit. Copyright is automatically granted to the author of a finished work. Because of this, a copyright notice is technically optional. Go ahead and include one if it makes you feel warm and fuzzy.

  • If you can see yourself financing and filing a lawsuit, registering your copyright at the copyright office is a requirement, and including a copyright notice in your work is recommended. Poor Man’s Copyright is a myth.

  • If you plan on using any excerpt from a copyrighted work in your own fiction, you must get permission from the rightsholder. The exceptions are if you’re writing commentary, criticism, a news report, a scholarly report, or a parody, or if the work you’re excerpting is in the public domain.

Getting your own counsel

This information was compiled from various sources online. I’m not a lawyer, so if you’ve found yourself in a serious copyright situation, you should consult a legal professional instead of believing everything you read on the internet. This information only applies to US copyright.

Further reading